In The Beginning...

In the beginning there was nothing but soft darkness, and Raven beat and beat with his wings until the darkness packed itself down into solid earth. Then there was only the icy black ocean and a narrow strip of shoreline. But people came soon to live along the coast. And Raven felt sorry for them, poor, sickly things, who never had any sunshine. They lived by chewing on nuts and leaves, and crushed the roots of the alder trees for something to drink.
"I must help them," thought Raven; and he flew down to earth, calling, "Ga, ga, ga!" and gathered the people together. Like ghosts, they were, shadowy and pale in the misty darkness.
"Raven has come!" they told each other. "It is Raven-Who-Sets- Things-Right."
The poor things were encouraged, and they gathered round to see what he would do.
Raven plucked a branch from an alder, and scattered the leaves on the surface of a pool. At once the leaves were sucked under, and the water started to bubble. After the pool had boiled for a moment, the surface cleared and fish began to jump there. So that was how Raven gave the people fish.
But now that they had fish to eat, they were thirstier than ever. They called on Raven, and down he came, and the people said, "Here is Raven-Who-Sets-Things-Right."
Raven knew that there was only one spring of fresh water in all the world. A man named Ganook had built his house around it, and refused to give any away.
"Maybe," thought Raven, "I can drink enough to carry some back to the people."
So he went to the house and asked to come in, and Ganook was very glad to have his company. Raven sat down and made polite conversation, and pretty soon he asked for a drink of water.
"Very well," said Ganook grudgingly, and showed him the spring, a crystal pool welling up in a basin of rock.
"Don't drink it all!" Ganook warned him. "You know that's the only fresh water in all the world."
Raven knew it well; that was what he had come for. But he said, "Just a sip!" and drank until he staggered.
"Hold on there, Raven!" cried Ganook. "Are you trying to drink the well dry?"
That was just what Raven was trying to do, but he passed it off lightly. He made himself comfortable close to the fire and said, "Ganook, let me tell you a story."
Then Raven started out on a long dull story about four dull brothers who went on a long dull journey. As he went along he made up dull things to add to it, and Ganook's eyelids drooped, and Raven spoke softly, and more and more slowly, and Ganook's chin dropped on his chest.
"So then," said Raven gently, with his eyes on Ganook, "on and on through the long gray valley through the soft gray fog went the four tall gray brothers. And now, snore!" And Ganook began to snore.
Quick as a thought, Raven darted to the spring and stuck his beak into the water. But no sooner had he lifted his head to swallow than Ganook started up with a terrible snort, and said, "Go on, go on, I'm listening! I'm not asleep." Then he shook his head and blinked his eyes and said, "Where are you, Raven? What are you doing?"
"Just walking around for exercise," Raven assured him, and back he went, and in a low, unchanging voice he went on with the dull story of the four brothers. No sooner had he started than Ganook began to nod, and his chin dropped down, and he jerked it back and opened his eyes and scowled at Raven, and nodded his head and said, "Go on! What next?" and his head dropped down upon his chest.
"So on and on," said Raven slowly, "over the hills, went the four tall gray brothers. The air was thick and gray around them. Fog was stealing softly over the mountains. Fog before them, fog behind them, soft, cloudy fog. And now, snore!" And Ganook began to snore.
Quietly Raven slipped to the spring, and, glub, glub, glub, he drank up the water until the pool was dry. But as he lifted his head for a last long gulp, Ganook leaped up and saw what he was doing.
"So, Raven!" shouted Ganook. "You think you can lull me to sleep and steal my water!"
He picked up his club and started to chase Raven round and round the fire. Raven would run a few steps and flap his big wings and rise a few inches off the floor. Then with a last tremendous flap he went sailing towards the open smoke hole. But he had swallowed so much water that he stuck fast in the opening, and there he struggled, while Ganook shouted, "You squint-eyed Raven, I've got you now, Raven! You miserable thief!" And Ganook threw green alder logs on the fire and made a great smoke which came billowing up and almost choked Raven to death.
Raven hung there, strangling and struggling, until at last he pulled free with a mighty wrench and went wobbling heavily across the sky. He was so heavy he flew in a crooked line, and as he flew he spurted little streams of water from his bill. These became rivers, first the Nass and the Sitka, then the Taku and the Iskut and the Stikine. Since Raven flew in a crooked line, all the rivers are crooked as snakes. Here and there he scattered single drops, and these became narrow creeks and salmon pools.
And so Raven brought fresh water to the people but he bore the mark of that smoke hole ever after. He had gone to Ganook as a great, white, snowy creature, but from that day on, Raven was black, as black as the endless sky of the endless night.
Glenn Welker. "In The Beginning". 2005. Sunday, March 16 <http://www.indians.org/welker/beginnin.htm>.

By the Student,
This story is a creation myth created by the indigenous people of America to explain the fresh water of the world. The raven, a character normally percieved as tricky in Native American folklore, appears here as the "Raven-Who-Sets-Things-Right" and vies for the good of his people against the greedy one who holds the essence of life all for himself. This can be compared to the white man taking all of the land away from the Native Americans and the earth gods coming to do justice by stealing back what is theirs. This, of course, never happens.

By a Native,
The invaders do not understand our way of life! I have tried telling them today about our culture by sharing the sacred story about the Raven and the water and they listened vigilantly, but I later saw them joking about it. This can not be a good start to our relationship if they can not at least honor our traditions as we do not even expect those across the water to have been introducted to our culture yet.


This story is important to our people because water is the essence of life and the Raven is the bringer of water and we must revere Raven because he risked his life to let us live. The white men do not share our reverence of nature and disrespect the forests by thoughtlessly killing animals, tearing down trees, and forming tension with its inhabitants. These have all occured within the few days of their giant ship landing here.
The invaders are uncivilized.


Essential Question,
The Puritans came in America in search of religious freedom and as a result, imposed on the lives of the native people who already had a set culture and religion. In the above Native American creation story, Raven brings the people of the earth water. The bird acts as a savior towards the Native Americans while the Puritans look upon it as a common bird. This example, one of many differences between the cultures, is what sparks the later war between the people. Puritan religion says that as many as possible should be converted, but the problem is that the Native Americans do not want to be converted. This hardheadedness, coupled with superior weapons and luck, bring the eventual repellation of the Native Americans into unknown and barren territory. Native Americans had a culture before the Puritans came in and threw up garbage all over it.